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Type definitions for NEAR transactions, actions, and signed transactions.

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Transaction

Represents a complete transaction ready to be signed. 
type Transaction = {
  signerAccountId: AccountId;
  signerPublicKey: PublicKey;
  receiverAccountId: AccountId;
  nonce: Nonce;
  blockHash: BlockHash;
} & (
  | { action: Action; actions?: never }
  | { action?: never; actions: Action[] }
);

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Properties

  • signerAccountId (AccountId): Account ID of the signer
  • signerPublicKey (PublicKey): Public key of the signer
  • receiverAccountId (AccountId): Account ID of the receiver
  • nonce (Nonce): Transaction nonce (incrementing number)
  • blockHash (BlockHash): Recent block hash
  • action (Action): Single action (mutually exclusive with actions)
  • actions (Action[]): Multiple actions (mutually exclusive with action)

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TransactionIntent

A simplified transaction specification before adding nonce and block hash. 
type TransactionIntent = {
  receiverAccountId: AccountId;
} & (
  | { action: Action; actions?: never }
  | { action?: never; actions: Action[] }
);
Example: 
import { transfer, near } from '@near-api/universal';

const intent: TransactionIntent = {
  receiverAccountId: 'bob.near',
  action: transfer({ amount: { near: '1' } })
};

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SignedTransaction

A transaction with a cryptographic signature. 
type SignedTransaction = {
  transaction: Transaction;
  transactionHash: CryptoHash;
  signature: Signature;
};

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Properties

  • transaction (Transaction): The original transaction
  • transactionHash (CryptoHash): Hash of the transaction
  • signature (Signature): Cryptographic signature
Example: 
import { client, signer } from './setup';

const signedTx = await signer.signTransaction({
  receiverAccountId: 'bob.near',
  action: transfer({ amount: { near: '1' } })
});

const result = await client.sendSignedTransaction(signedTx);

​
Action

Union type of all possible transaction actions. 
type Action =
  | CreateAccountAction
  | TransferAction
  | AddFullAccessKeyAction
  | AddFunctionCallKeyAction
  | DeployContractAction
  | FunctionCallAction
  | StakeAction
  | DeleteKeyAction
  | DeleteAccountAction;

​
Action Types

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TransferAction

Transfer NEAR tokens. 
type TransferAction = {
  actionType: 'Transfer';
  amount: NearTokenArgs;
};
Example: 
import { transfer, near } from '@near-api/universal';

const action = transfer({ amount: { near: '1.5' } });

​
FunctionCallAction

Call a contract function. 
type FunctionCallAction = {
  actionType: 'FunctionCall';
  functionName: ContractFunctionName;
  functionArgs: Uint8Array;
  gasLimit: NearGasArgs;
  attachedDeposit?: NearTokenArgs;
};
Example: 
import { functionCall, teraGas } from '@near-api/universal';

const action = functionCall({
  functionName: 'transfer',
  functionArgs: { receiver_id: 'bob.near', amount: '100' },
  gasLimit: { teraGas: '300' },
  attachedDeposit: { near: '0' }
});

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CreateAccountAction

Create a new account. 
type CreateAccountAction = {
  actionType: 'CreateAccount';
};
Example: 
import { createAccount } from '@near-api/universal';

const action = createAccount();

​
DeployContractAction

Deploy a contract. 
type DeployContractAction = {
  actionType: 'DeployContract';
  code: Uint8Array;
};
Example: 
import { deployContract } from '@near-api/universal';
import { readFileSync } from 'fs';

const wasmCode = readFileSync('contract.wasm');
const action = deployContract({ code: wasmCode });

​
StakeAction

Stake tokens for validation. 
type StakeAction = {
  actionType: 'Stake';
  stake: NearTokenArgs;
  publicKey: PublicKey;
};
Example: 
import { stake, near } from '@near-api/universal';

const action = stake({
  stake: { near: '1000' },
  publicKey: 'ed25519:...'
});

​
AddFullAccessKeyAction

Add a full access key. 
type AddFullAccessKeyAction = {
  actionType: 'AddFullAccessKey';
  publicKey: PublicKey;
  nonce?: Nonce;
};
Example: 
import { addFullAccessKey } from '@near-api/universal';

const action = addFullAccessKey({
  publicKey: 'ed25519:...'
});

​
AddFunctionCallKeyAction

Add a function call access key (limited permissions). 
type AddFunctionCallKeyAction = {
  actionType: 'AddFunctionCallKey';
  publicKey: PublicKey;
  allowance?: NearTokenArgs;
  receiverId?: AccountId;
  functionNames?: string[];
  nonce?: Nonce;
};
Example: 
import { addFunctionCallKey, near } from '@near-api/universal';

const action = addFunctionCallKey({
  publicKey: 'ed25519:...',
  allowance: { near: '0.25' },
  receiverId: 'contract.near',
  functionNames: ['transfer', 'withdraw']
});

​
DeleteKeyAction

Delete an access key. 
type DeleteKeyAction = {
  actionType: 'DeleteKey';
  publicKey: PublicKey;
};
Example: 
import { deleteKey } from '@near-api/universal';

const action = deleteKey({
  publicKey: 'ed25519:...'
});

​
DeleteAccountAction

Delete an account and transfer remaining balance. 
type DeleteAccountAction = {
  actionType: 'DeleteAccount';
  beneficiaryId: AccountId;
};
Example: 
import { deleteAccount } from '@near-api/universal';

const action = deleteAccount({
  beneficiaryId: 'alice.near'
});

​
Native Types

Internal representations used for serialization.

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NativeTransaction

type NativeTransaction = {
  signerId: AccountId;
  publicKey: NativePublicKey;
  actions: NativeAction[];
  receiverId: AccountId;
  nonce: bigint;
  blockHash: Uint8Array;
};

​
NativeSignedTransaction

type NativeSignedTransaction = {
  transaction: NativeTransaction;
  signature: NativeSignature;
};

​
NativeAction

Native representation of actions for Borsh serialization. 
type NativeAction =
  | NativeCreateAccountAction
  | NativeTransferAction
  | NativeAddKeyAction
  | NativeDeployContractAction
  | NativeFunctionCallAction
  | NativeStakeAction
  | NativeDeleteKeyAction
  | NativeDeleteAccountAction;

​
Common Types

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Nonce

type Nonce = number;
An incrementing number that prevents transaction replay attacks. Each transaction from an account must have a nonce greater than the previous transaction.

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BlockHash

type BlockHash = CryptoHash;
type CryptoHash = string; // 32 bytes
A recent block hash used to ensure transaction validity window.

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Examples

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Simple Transfer Transaction

import { transfer, near } from '@near-api/universal';

const transaction: Transaction = {
  signerAccountId: 'alice.near',
  signerPublicKey: 'ed25519:...',
  receiverAccountId: 'bob.near',
  nonce: 12345,
  blockHash: 'DkZgMd8T7K3Y...',
  action: transfer({ amount: { near: '1' } })
};

​
Multiple Actions

import { transfer, functionCall, near, teraGas } from '@near-api/universal';

const transaction: Transaction = {
  signerAccountId: 'alice.near',
  signerPublicKey: 'ed25519:...',
  receiverAccountId: 'contract.near',
  nonce: 12346,
  blockHash: 'DkZgMd8T7K3Y...',
  actions: [
    transfer({ amount: { near: '1' } }),
    functionCall({
      functionName: 'my_method',
      functionArgs: { key: 'value' },
      gasLimit: { teraGas: '300' }
    })
  ]
};

​
Using Transaction Intent

import { transfer, near } from '@near-api/universal';

// Create intent
const intent: TransactionIntent = {
  receiverAccountId: 'bob.near',
  action: transfer({ amount: { near: '1' } })
};

// Sign with signer (automatically adds nonce and blockHash)
const signedTx = await signer.signTransaction(intent);

// Send transaction
const result = await client.sendSignedTransaction(signedTx);

​
Account Creation Flow

import { 
  createAccount, 
  addFullAccessKey, 
  transfer, 
  near 
} from '@near-api/universal';

const newAccountKey = randomEd25519KeyPair();

const intent: TransactionIntent = {
  receiverAccountId: 'newaccount.alice.near',
  actions: [
    createAccount(),
    addFullAccessKey({ publicKey: newAccountKey.publicKey }),
    transfer({ amount: { near: '10' } })
  ]
};

const signedTx = await signer.signTransaction(intent);
const result = await client.sendSignedTransaction(signedTx);